Haematology focuses on the study of blood, its cellular components, and the systems that produce and regulate them. Understanding this system is essential for interpreting blood tests and recognising conditions such as anaemia, infection, clotting disorders, shock, and complications of chronic disease.

Heart valves are specialised structures that regulate one-way blood flow through the heart during the cardiac cycle. Understanding how valves function is essential for interpreting heart sounds, recognising murmurs, and identifying early signs of valvular dysfunction.